Psl vs lvl

LVL is part of a family of products, structural composite lumber, that are made of dried and graded wood veneers, strands or flakes that are layered upon one another and bonded together with a moisture resistant adhesive into large blocks known as billets. Other products in this group include laminated strand lumber (LSL) and parallel strand ...

Psl vs lvl. 1 Answer. Finally found the answer, they are equivalent and interchangeable as long as with the same grade (1.5 1.6 1.7 ect) here some info (in french) about the two : See section 4.5. By clicking “Post Your Answer”, you agree to our and acknowledge you have read our .

Stronger, straighter and stiffer then dimensional posts. Fits into 2 in. x 4 in. and 2 in. x 6 in. wall framing. Can carry load up to 27,095 lbs. Replaces gang nailing 2 pieces of 2 in. x 6 in. Only 8 ft. lengths are available on homedepot.com. Construction grade. Modulus of …

Trus Joist, a Weyerhaeuser Business, created the engineered I-joist nearly 50 years ago and held the patent until recently. Engineered I-joists are essentially the same as the TJI joist, just not the original manufacturer.They are used the same as TJI joist, have a finger-jointed upper and lower flange, and the web is either plywood (LVL) or OSB, similar to …A: Our Parallam Plus PSL Specifier’s Guide provides load/span tables for both beams and columns used in typical exterior deck applications. The tables are based on an in-service moisture content of 28% or less. In addition, Forte – our single member sizing software, allows the design of Parallam Plus PSL products used in varying in-service ...LVLs: A Strong Backbone for Floor Framing. Laminated-veneer lumber lets you assemble big beams without a big crew. By John Spier Issue 173. Synopsis: Laminated-veneer lumber (LVL) combines the versatility of sawn lumber with the strength of engineered beams, according to John Spier. In this article, Spier talks about how to build up center ...Learn the differences between popular types of structural composite lumber (SCL) such as PSL, LVL, LSL, Glulam and OSB. Compare their advantages, disadvantages, costs and sustainability. Find out which type of SCL is best for your project needs and preferences.As a thought experiment, let’s look at 15/32″ OSB at about $14/sheet. Laminate three of them together and you’d have a block that is 1-1/2″ thick by 4’x8′ for $42. Cut that into 13 strips of 1-1/2″ x 3-1/2″ x 8′ (2x4x8) for an individual cost of $3.23 — on the low end for even natural lumber.

University of Michigan 2.2E Parallam® PSL is a structural solution you can count on. 2.2e parallam® pSl availability and Sizes The 2.2E Parallam® PSL shown in this guide is readily available in the western United States, with limited availability in other parts of the U.S. 2.2E Parallam® PSL headers and beams are available in the following standard sizes:Learn about the different types of SCL, such as LVL, PSL, LSL and OSL, and their applications in construction. Find out how SCL is made, certified and used by APA member mills.Jun 16, 2007 · RE: Glulam vs Parallam Beam. ergus (Structural) 16 Jun 07 18:37. Spec Parralam for work with short spans and where you need the beams quickly. You can get them at a local builders yard. If you have more time and larger spans, spec glulam as they tend to be less expensive and can accomadate a greater range of loads and spans, however they are ... Document Library. Search for a document and use filters on the left to narrow by product or document type. Go to My Account to access your custom collections of documents and sharing instructions. Filter Results. Learn the attributes, benefits, and challenges of LVLs (laminated veneer lumber) and PSLs (parallel strand lumber) for structural engineered beams in residential construction. This webinar explains the strength, weatherability, and design of these products and how they work together with parallam.

Document Library. Search for a document and use filters on the left to narrow by product or document type. Go to My Account to access your custom collections of documents and sharing instructions. Filter Results.Feb 8, 2024 · PSL beams cost between $20 and $90 per linear foot and are the most expensive type of engineered beams in this article. Of course, installing them doesn’t come cheap, and you should expect to pay between $100 and $200 per foot of installed material. The exact amount you’ll pay for installation and purchase varies, and buying and installing ... May 18, 2023 ... Comments ; LVL engineered Lumber Explained! Detroit DIY · 7.9K views ; How It's Made: Laminated Veneer Lumber & Parallel Strand Lumber. Architect&nb...Learn about the different types of SCL, such as LVL, PSL, LSL and OSL, and their applications in construction. Find out how SCL is made, certified and used by APA member mills.RE: Glulam vs Parallam Beam. ergus (Structural) 16 Jun 07 18:37. Spec Parralam for work with short spans and where you need the beams quickly. You can get them at a local builders yard. If you have more time and larger spans, spec glulam as they tend to be less expensive and can accomadate a greater range of loads and spans, however they are ...LVL uses heat and pressure to bind thinly sliced veneers together, a process that is particularly accommodating to narrow beam dimensions. Its shear strength is superior to LSL but doesn’t quite match PSL’s ability to withstand bending stress. LVL is more expensive than LSL but is affordable compared to PSL and glulam. Source: materials ...

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Structural Composite Lumber (SCL) is the term used to describe a family of engineered wood products used for structural applications. SCL products include Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL), Laminated Strand Lumber (LSL), Parallel Strand Lumber (PSL) and Oriented Strand Lumber (OSL). While popular in North America, only some SCL …Floor Beam Sizing Calculator. Use the drop downs to select your floor load, framing length, and material to calculate the appropriate size of TimberStrand or Parallam beam.How to Decide Which Product: A clear understanding of the differences between LVL and PSL and how these differences influence application and performance. Treated vs. Untreated: Insights into the advantages of PSL, including when and why to opt for treated options.Parallam® PSL. Parallam® PSL Columns. Parallam® PSL columns are strong and consistent. Our manufacturing process uses veneer strands, allowing a significant percentage of each log to become a high-grade structural member. Combine their great load capacity with the strength of Parallam PSL beams for additional possibilities.

Structural composite lumber (SCL) is an engineered wood product manufactured by layering strands, veneers, or flakes with adhesive into material blocks known as billets. The term SCL was used to capture the variety of unique structural products that include parallel strand lumber (PSL), laminated strand lumber (LSL), laminated …Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) studs can provide ultimate strength against wind and shear-loads and can be up to two and a half times stronger than standard framing lumber of the same dimension in compression and tension, which means a wood-framed house can be designed and constructed to withstand 100 mph or more . Engineered vs. TraditionalPSL is made from strands bonding together in a continuous press using waterproof adhesives with a phenol-formaldehyde base. It can made using waste materials from plywood and LVL production, with species commonly including Douglas-fir, pine and western hemlock, among others. PSL exhibits a rich texture and retains numerous dark glue lines.LVL: The Challenger Approaches: And now, stepping into the ring with confidence is LVL – Laminated Veneer Lumber. If PSL is the superhero, LVL is the silent ninja of engineered wood. Crafted by laminating veneer sheets together with adhesives, LVL brings a different set of skills to the table. One of LVL’s standout features is its ...Apr 20, 2023 · This is a high beam strength compared to other engineered wood beams. On the other hand, LVL has a mean strength ranging between 32.3 N/mm 2 and 97.2 N/mm 2, depending on the beam size and quality of the veneers. With a constant strength of 54.7N/mm 2, glulam beams are stronger than LVLs. The PSL process, which remains closely protected by patents, is capable of using a higher percentage of a log than traditional lumber techniques or LVL. Trus Joist's youngest product line, marketed under the TimberStrand trademark, uses a proprietary technology called laminated strand lumber (LSL). Unlike LVL and PSL, which typically use logs fromBoth LVL (Laminated Veneer Lumber) and LSL (Laminated Strand Lumber) have their advantages and disadvantages, and what is considered “better” will depend on the individual needs of the project and budget. LVL is generally more expensive than LSL because it is made from glued veneer layers and is engineered for increased stiffness and strength.LVL is celebrated for its high strength-to-weight ratio. This feature makes it an attractive option in applications where minimizing dead load is crucial, such as in long-span structures. Also Read: LSL vs LVL – Know What is The Key …Product Overview. Versa-Lam laminated veneer lumber (LVL) beams and headers lead the industry in bending strength and E-value, offering better performance and longer spans. Versa-Lam LVL offers the best overall value across multiple widths and depths for residential, light commercial, or multifamily projects. Heavy loads?LVL: The Challenger Approaches: And now, stepping into the ring with confidence is LVL – Laminated Veneer Lumber. If PSL is the superhero, LVL is the silent ninja of engineered wood. Crafted by laminating veneer sheets together with adhesives, LVL brings a different set of skills to the table. One of LVL’s standout features is its ...Description: Design information for TimberStrand LSL Stair Stringers and SturdiStep Stair Treads Document ID #: 9010 File Type: pdf File Size: 1.3 MB File Date: October 2022 Document Types: Design & Specification Categories. Engineered Lumber; OSB & Panels; Products. SturdiStep® Stair TreadsDescription: Table of allowable axial loads for 2.0E or 2.2E Parallam® PSL columns. Document ID #: tb-604. File Type: pdf. File Size: 0.2 MB. File Date: August 2022. Document Types: Technical Bulletins & Resource Sheets Categories. Engineered Lumber; Products. Parallam® PSL Columns

Microllam® LVL 18–19 Parallam® PSL 20–21 Snow Roof load Tables TimberStrand® LSL 22–23 Microllam® LVL 24–25 Parallam® PSL 26–27 Non-Snow Roof Load Tables TimberStrand® LSL 28–29 Microllam® LVL 30–31 Parallam® PSL 32–33 Beam Details 34 Window and Door Header Details 34–35 Nailing on Narrow Face 35 Allowable Holes 36

The Raspberry Pi is a wonderful little computer that fits in the palm of your hand, yet packs enough power to run your home media center, a VPN, and a lot more. Before you can do a...Various Sizes LVL PSL LVL LVL LVL * Please note: This equivalency chart is intended to provide a reference to similar strength / performance characteristics by respective manufacturers per current (04/2017) regional specifier guides. ** 2.3E, a limited stock item, is available upon request.Description: Table of allowable axial loads for 2.0E or 2.2E Parallam® PSL columns. Document ID #: tb-604. File Type: pdf. File Size: 0.2 MB. File Date: August 2022. Document Types: Technical Bulletins & Resource Sheets Categories. Engineered Lumber; Products. Parallam® PSL ColumnsParallel Strand Lumber (PSL) provides attributes such as high strength, high stiffness and dimensional stability. The manufacturing process of OSL enables large members to be made from relatively small trees, providing efficient utilization of forest resources. In Canada, PSL is fabricated using Douglas fir.To find laminated veneer-lumber span chart tables, visit Georgia-Pacific’s website at BuildGP.com. Download the product guide for GP Lam laminated-veneer lumber located in the engi...MICROLLAM® LVL BEAM BENEFITS: Uniform and predictable. Resists warping, splitting and shrinking while supporting heavy loads. Dimensionally stable. Available in some regions with a Watershed™ overlay for on-site weather protection. Limited lifetime warranty.The chords are made of either microllam®lVl, TimberStrand lSl, or top-quality mSr 2X6 or 2X4 lumber, and the webs are pin-connect- ed steel tubing. our open-web product line consists of: nTJL™ and TJLX™ trusses are light- weight and efficient. nTJW™ truss is a slightly heavier-duty truss for mid-range spans.When it comes to designing and constructing a building or structure, one of the key considerations is ensuring that the beams used can support the weight and load requirements. Bef...LVL, LSL or PSL Members Technical Bulletin uspconnectors.com Customer Service & Technical Assistance Phone: 1-800-328-5934 • Fax: 1-952-898-8605 Email: [email protected] August 2015 #USP2371-2 Installation Notes: • For 2 ply members, wood screws shall be installed with the screw heads in the loaded ply.

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University of Michigan ASOS is making a $40-million investment to expand its US business, which should unsettle plenty of US fashion brands. ASOS, the UK’s largest online fashion retailer, is building a ...The built-up members must be connected to transfer load from the loaded ply into the other plies. Page 303 of our Fastening Systems catalog, C-F-14 provides allowable uniform load tables for side-loaded multi-ply assemblies using LVL, PSL or LSL material. The calculation for the allowable load applied to the outside ply of a multi-ply beam is:Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) and Laminated Strand Lumber (LSL) are engineered structural materials manufactured by bonding wood veneers or strands together with a structural adhesive to form a solid member of end sections and length limited only by manufacturing, transport and handling capabilities. Because of their laminated structures, …LP SolidStart LVL 2900F b-2.0E 2900 2.0 285 750 2950 2.0 140 550 1800 3200 NOTES: 1. LP SolidStart LSL and LVL shall be designed for dry-use conditions only. Dry-use applies to products installed in dry, covered and well ventilated interior conditions in which the equivalent moisture content in lumber will not exceed 16%.Similar to LVL, PSL clips the veneer sheets taken from a log into 5/8" wide strands up to eight feet long. The strands are coated with adhesives, then subjected to pressure and microwave heating to cure the adhesives. The resulting billet, or block of lumber, can reach measurements up to 11 inches by 20 inches by 66 feet.These nails may not be readily available at your local lumber yard and with a 0.207” diameter, certainly won’t fit in your nail gun. At an 8’ height assuming #2 spruce-pine-fir, the capacity of this column is less than 8,000 lb while a solid 5.25″x 5.25″ Parallam® PSL (slightly wider) will support 26,650 lbs!Sunrise is a new web service that sends you an email every morning full of important information: your friends' birthdays, your meetings and calendar appointments, and information ...Featuring Trus Joist® TimberStrand® LSL, Microllam® LVL, and Parallam® PSL. Minimal Bowing, Twisting, and Shrinking. The products in this guide are readily available through our nationwide network of distributors and dealers. For more information on other applications or other Trus Joist® products, contact your Weyerhaeuser representative.Laminated Veneer Lumber or LVL is built up from layers of veneer, but with the grain all running in the same direction. If CLT is known as plywood on steroids, LVL is like plywood on a diet. It is ...Parallel Strand Lumber (PSL) provides attributes such as high strength, high stiffness and dimensional stability. The manufacturing process of OSL enables large members to be made from relatively small trees, providing efficient utilization of forest resources. In Canada, PSL is fabricated using Douglas fir. ….

Definition & Characteristics of "LVL" - Laminated Veneer Lumber, Beams, Headers. Laminated veneer lumber is an "engineered wood product", developed in the 1960's, is produced by gluing together layers of wood veneers with the wood grains in parallel. Illustraged in our photographs of LVL beams in use at a Poughkeepsie NY Project, our …Sep 26, 2022 · LVL uses heat and pressure to bind thinly sliced veneers together, a process that is particularly accommodating to narrow beam dimensions. Its shear strength is superior to LSL but doesn’t quite match PSL’s ability to withstand bending stress. LVL is more expensive than LSL but is affordable compared to PSL and glulam. Source: materials ... EASTERN PARALLAM® PSL. Eastern Parallam PSL is manufactured at the Buckhannon, WV plant and provides enhanced protection from the elements when it matters most - during construction. You’ll see the difference from the start—thanks to our new and innovative proprietary sealant. Read more about Eastern Parallam PSL.The meaning of the term frozen in the field of finance may differ slightly from one scenario to the next. In general, freezing an account, funds or a whole market is equivalent to ...Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) studs can provide ultimate strength against wind and shear-loads and can be up to two and a half times stronger than standard framing lumber of the same dimension in compression and tension, which means a wood-framed house can be designed and constructed to withstand 100 mph or more . Engineered vs. TraditionalProduct Overview. Versa-Lam laminated veneer lumber (LVL) beams and headers lead the industry in bending strength and E-value, offering better performance and longer spans. Versa-Lam LVL offers the best overall value across multiple widths and depths for residential, light commercial, or multifamily projects. Heavy loads?Before knowing the difference between Glulam vs LVL, you must know what is glulam and lvl.TimberStrand® laminated strand lumber (LSL) is an engineered lumber that is consistently straight and true — characteristics that combine to create superior rim board material. TimberStrand Rim Board is dimensionally stable and excels at transferring vertical and lateral loads to the foundation. Sized to fit with TJI® joists, TimberStrand ... Psl vs lvl, 2.2E Parallam® PSL is a structural solution you can count on. 2.2e parallam® pSl availability and Sizes The 2.2E Parallam® PSL shown in this guide is readily available in the western United States, with limited availability in other parts of the U.S. 2.2E Parallam® PSL headers and beams are available in the following standard sizes:, • We only use low-emitting, safe resins in the manufacture of LP SolidStart LSL and LVL, and do not add any urea-formaldehyde. • LP SolidStart LSL and LVL may help you achieve certification points in a number of leading green building programs. LP SolidStart LSL AND LVL ARE MADE FROM WOOD – A RENEWABLE, NATURAL RESOURCE., Design Properties. Glulam bending members are typically specified on the basis of the maximum allowable bending stress of the member. For example, a 24F designation indicates a member with an allowable bending stress of 2400 psi. Similarly, a 26F designation refers to a member with an allowable bending stress of 2600 psi., In early November, we visited engineered-wood-products manufacturer Weyerhaeuser ’s veneer technology plant in Buckhannon, W. Va., where two of the …, PSL is parallel strand lumber, it’s purpose is essentially the same as lvl. Main difference between lvl and psl is that lvls can be nailed up into the width beam you need by nailing several together like a regular 2x beam. PSL is slightly stronger than lvl but that’s because they are made to a specific width and size. For instance on a 2x4 ..., Parallel Strand Lumber (PSL) provides attributes such as high strength, high stiffness and dimensional stability. The manufacturing process of OSL enables large members to be made from relatively small trees, providing efficient utilization of forest resources. In Canada, PSL is fabricated using Douglas fir., The chords are made of either microllam®lVl, TimberStrand lSl, or top-quality mSr 2X6 or 2X4 lumber, and the webs are pin-connect- ed steel tubing. our open-web product line consists of: nTJL™ and TJLX™ trusses are light- weight and efficient. nTJW™ truss is a slightly heavier-duty truss for mid-range spans., Structural Engineering Blog. <p>Engineered wood connectors are designed to strengthen connections in engineered wood applications. These metal (steel) connectors attach engineered wood members to other members to provide …, Some veteran tech watchers are making noises about a new bubble in the market. By clicking "TRY IT", I agree to receive newsletters and promotions from Money and its partners. I ag..., These nails may not be readily available at your local lumber yard and with a 0.207” diameter, certainly won’t fit in your nail gun. At an 8’ height assuming #2 spruce-pine-fir, the capacity of this column is less than 8,000 lb while a solid 5.25″x 5.25″ Parallam® PSL (slightly wider) will support 26,650 lbs!, 3½” to 7” LVL (2.0E) PSL (2.0E) LVL (2.0E) LVL (2.0E) LVL (2.0E) RIMBOARD Pacific Woodtech† Trus Joist Boise Roseburg LP 1¼”-1¾” LVL Rimboard LSL Rimboard LVL Rimboard LVL Rimboard LSL Rimboard STUDS Pacific Woodtech† Trus Joist Boise Roseburg LP Various Sizes LVL LSL LVL LVL LSL COLUMNS Pacific Woodtech† Trus …, Similar to LVL, 2 to 3 PSLs can be connected together to create a larger beam. Single members or assemblies using structural composite lumber (SCL) need to meet ..., The chords are made of either microllam®lVl, TimberStrand lSl, or top-quality mSr 2X6 or 2X4 lumber, and the webs are pin-connect- ed steel tubing. our open-web product line consists of: nTJL™ and TJLX™ trusses are light- weight and efficient. nTJW™ truss is a slightly heavier-duty truss for mid-range spans., Learn about the different types of SCL, such as LVL, PSL, LSL and OSL, and their applications in construction. Find out how SCL is made, certified and used by APA …, 1 Answer. Finally found the answer, they are equivalent and interchangeable as long as with the same grade (1.5 1.6 1.7 ect) here some info (in french) about the two : See section 4.5. By clicking “Post Your Answer”, …, 2.0E Parallam PSL is available in 3.5”, 5.25” and 7” widths and depths up to 18” 2.0E Microllam LVL is only available in a 1.75” width and depths up to 24” These products can be combined to make a beam up to 7” wide, provided the beam was originally designed or specified as Microllam LVL. Only matching depth pieces should be used., However, except for a footnote to Table 3B that allows treated structural composite lumber (SCL) of equal or greater capacity to be substituted for the glulam beams in the table, DCA 6 does not address the use of SCL members--such as laminated veneer lumber (LVL), parallel strand lumber (PSL), laminated strand lumber (LSL), and oriented strand ..., 1502 - Using Weyerhaeuser Products in Conventional Construction; tb-213 - Flood Damage-Resistant Material Considerations; tb-305 - Resawing Microllam LVL, Parallam PSL, and TimberStrand LSL; tb-310 - Use of Topical Coatings with Weyerhaeuser Engineered Wood Products; tb-315 - Preservative Wood Treatments of Weyerhaeuser Engineered Wood …, The size of LVL beams (or Laminated Veneer Lumber) can vary depending on the manufacturer. Generally, LVLs are available in standard sizes ranging from 9-1/2” to 24” in width, with depths from 1-3/4” to 18”. It is also possible to get custom sizes, up to 40” wide and 60” deep, but these must be ordered at a specialty supplier., Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) is a high-strength engineered wood product, and one of the most widely used kinds of lumber in construction projects. It's used for boards of all kinds, including rim boards, headboards and even skateboards, as well as beams, trusses and more. Lowe's features LVL in a wide range of lengths, widths and thicknesses., 2.2E Parallam® PSL is a structural solution you can count on. 2.2e parallam® pSl availability and Sizes The 2.2E Parallam® PSL shown in this guide is readily available in the western United States, with limited availability in other parts of the U.S. 2.2E Parallam® PSL headers and beams are available in the following standard sizes:, 4" wide LVL plies to be used for the given application. 2. Span is based on the more restrictive of simple continuous beam span. Ratio of short span to long span should be greater than 0.4. 3. Beam must be centered in building if floor joists are continuous over the top. Beam may be located off-center and “width of building”, A: Our Parallam Plus PSL Specifier’s Guide provides load/span tables for both beams and columns used in typical exterior deck applications. The tables are based on an in-service moisture content of 28% or less. In addition, Forte – our single member sizing software, allows the design of Parallam Plus PSL products used in varying in-service ..., Only Boise Cascade Engineered Wood Products offer a full range of engineered wood solutions backed by 60+ years of proven performance and customer service. Residential or commercial. Small remodels or entire subdivisions. Boise Cascade Engineered Wood has you covered with products, software, and support to help your business grow., Microllam LVL 1.8E Parallam PSL Shear modulus of elasticity G = 81,250 psi 93,750 psi 96,875 psi 125,000 psi 112,500 psi Modulus of elasticity(2) E = 1.3 x 106 psi 1.5 x 106 psi 1.55 x 106 psi 2.0 x 106 psi 1.8 x 106 psi Adjusted modulus of elasticity(3) Emin = 660,750 psi 762,400 psi 787,815 psi 1,016,535 psi 914,880 psi Flexural stress (4) F, Jun 13, 2019 · The Pros and Cons of Engineered Lumber. Boise Cascade says its Versa-Stud laminated veneer lumber is engineered for builders who want strong, stiff, and straight walls. My building career started in the ’90s, working for a company that used panelized systems for its houses. The walls were preframed in a factory and delivered to our jobsites ... , Parallam PSL offers simplified, single-member installation. It is available in multiple widths—3 1/2″, 5 1/4″, 7″—adding up to a 2-, 3-, or 4-ply LVL in a single piece. Parallam PSL uses more of the tree compared to LVL. Also, Parallam Plus is a treated option for exterior applications. Check out how a great room can be even greater., The Pakistan Super League (PSL) has become one of the most popular cricket tournaments in the world, attracting millions of fans from across the globe. PTV Sports is a dedicated sp..., According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, market share for engineered wood products such as glulam, I-joists, and laminated veneer lumber (LVL) is forecast to continue its steady growth, with glulam production during 2017 (271.3 million board feet) up 5.6 percent from the previous year; engineered wood I-joist production (518 million ..., Parallam PSL offers simplified, single-member installation. It is available in multiple widths—3 1/2″, 5 1/4″, 7″—adding up to a 2-, 3-, or 4-ply LVL in a single piece. Parallam PSL uses more of the tree compared to LVL. Also, Parallam Plus is a treated option for exterior applications. Check out how a great room can be even greater., joists. LVL uses full-size veneer sheets, which can range from one-tenth to one-sixth of an inch thick. PSL uses veneer which is too narrow for LVL or plywood. Figure 5 Parallel Strand Lumber Manufacturing Process Parallel Strand Lumber Figure 6 Laminated Veneer Lumber Manufacturing Process Laminated Veneer Lumber , This article series defines and illustrates basic types of building sheathing, LDF, fiberboard, engineered beams & posts & various engineered lumber and wood products such as …, New rules for online political advertising will be put forward by European Union lawmakers next year, with the aim of boosting transparency around sponsored political content. The ...