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Learn Crusades facts for kids. The Crusades were a series of religious wars fought between Christians and Muslims over control of the Holy Land. Traditionally, they took place between 1095 and 1291.The Holy Land was and still is a place that is very important for the three major monotheistic religions: Islam, Judaism, and …

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Ancient Egypt, or the Egyptian Empire, was a society that began about 3150 BC, and lasted until 20 BC when it was invaded by the Roman Empire.It grew along the River Nile and was at its most powerful …

Kids Encyclopedia Facts. People playing a large scale version of the iconic Pong video game. Video games are electronic games played on a video screen (normally a television, a built-in screen when played on a handheld machine, or a computer). There are many types, or genres, of these games: role-playing games; shooters, first-person …Karl Blodig was the first person to climb all the main four-thousand meter peaks, round 1900. Geology and orogeny. The reason mountains form is usually the moving together of continental plates of the Earth's crust.The Alps rose as a result of the slow but gigantic pressure of the African plate as it moved north against the stable Eurasian …The building of the Colosseum began under the rule of the Emperor Vespasian in around 70–72 AD. The area was flat, in a valley between the Caelian, Esquiline and Palatine Hills.There was a stream flowing through the valley, but this had been made into a canal.People had been living in this area for over 200 years, but the …William Shakespeare (26 April 1564 (baptised) – 23 April 1616) was an English author who wrote 37 plays and also two long poems in his lifetime. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard")Shakespeare wrote his works between about 1590 and 1613. He lived in Stratford-upon-Avon, in …Wars. World War I. Russian Civil War. Major Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton CVO OBE FRGS FRSGS (15 February 1874 – 5 January 1922) was an Anglo-Irish Antarctic explorer who led three British expeditions to the Antarctic. He was one of the principal figures of the period known as the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration.China ( Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó ), officially the People's Republic of China ( PRC ), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's second-most populous country with a population exceeding 1.4 billion. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and borders fourteen countries by land, tied with Russia as having the most of any ...The planets in the Solar System have names of Greek or Roman gods, apart from Earth, because people did not think Earth was a planet in old times. However, Earth is occasionally referred by the name …

A coral reef is a type of biotic reef developing in tropical waters. Although corals are major contributors to the overall framework and bulk material comprising a coral reef, the organisms most responsible for reef growth against the constant assault by ocean waves are algae, especially, although not entirely, species of red algae.. Water …Kids Encyclopedia Facts. Antarctica is the Earth 's southernmost continent. It is on the South Pole. It's almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle. Around Antarctica …Kiddle.co is an illustrated, large-font search engine designed specifically for kids . It’s powered by Google Safe Search so only family-friendly results are returned. If any “bad” words are ...Flowers are the reproductive organ only of flowering plants (Angiosperms).The petals of a flower are often brightly colored and scented to attract insects and other pollinators. The stamen is the male part of the plant. It is composed of the filament (a stalk) that holds the anther, which produces the pollen. Pollen is needed for …Jacques-Yves Cousteau ( 11 June 1910 – 25 June 1997) was a French naval officer, explorer, ecologist, filmmaker, scientist, photographer and researcher who studied the sea and all forms of life in water. He co-developed the aqua-lung, pioneered marine conservation and was a member of the Académie française. He is generally known in …One of the most devastating earthquakes in recorded history was the 1556 Shaanxi earthquake, which occurred on 23 January 1556 in Shaanxi, China.More than 830,000 people died. Most houses in the area were yaodongs—dwellings carved out of loess hillsides—and many victims were killed when these structures collapsed. The 1976 …Nikola Tesla. Nikola Tesla (July 10, 1856 – January 7, 1943), was a Serbian inventor, electrical engineer, mechanical engineer, and physicist. He is best known for his part in the design of the modern alternating current (AC) electricity supply system. He was born in the village of Smiljan, in the part of former Austria-Hungary that is now ...

The flag of the United States has seven red stripes and six white stripes. These 13 stripes stand for the original thirteen colonies. The flag also has a blue canton, a rectangle in the top left corner. The canton has one white star for every state. When a new state joins the United States, a new flag is made with an extra star.Computer facts for kids. Kids Encyclopedia Facts. A drawing of a modern desktop computer. Woman typing on a laptop. Kids using a tablet computer. A computer is a machine that accepts data as input, processes that data using programs, and outputs the processed data as information. Many computers can store and retrieve information using …Drought is a continuous period of dry weather when an area gets less than its normal amount of rain.Droughts can last months or even years. Because crops and other plants need water to grow and land animals need water to live, droughts can be dangerous.Because of the lack of water, famine occurs and sometimes deserts are …Kiddle is a visual search engine designed for kids with safety features that filter inappropriate content. Learn how it works, its features, pros and cons, and how to use it …The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef.It is close to the coast of Queensland, Australia.It is made up of nearly 3000 coral reefs and over 600 islands.It is 327,800 km² big and 2600 km long. It has been listed an important World Heritage Site by UNESCO.The Great Barrier Reef is the largest structure made by living things.

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Kids Encyclopedia Facts. Dick Turpin riding Black Nugget, from a Victorian toy theatre. A highwayman was a type of robber who attacked people who were travelling. They were common in the British Isles from the time of Elizabeth I to the 1800s. Highwaymen rode on horses. They were thought to be socially superior to footpads (who …Among the numerous flowers and shrubs are hibiscus, flame lily, snake lily, spider lily, leonotis, cassia, tree wisteria and dombeya. There are around 350 species of mammals that can be found in Zimbabwe. There are also many snakes and lizards, over 500 bird species, and 131 fish species. Large parts of Zimbabwe were once covered by …Kiddle is a visual search engine that screens out adult content and promotes kid-friendly sites. It is powered by Google's safe search and hand-picked by editors, but it …Dracula is a horror novel written by the Irish writer Bram Stoker. Bram Stoker published the novel in England in 1897. The character 'Dracula' may have been based in part on Sir Henry Irving (who was an actor and friend of Bram Stoker) and on Vlad III the Impaler (a Romanian king). The story is about a vampire called Dracula.Snowdon ( Welsh: Yr Wyddfa) is the highest mountain in Wales, at an elevation of 1,085 metres (3,560 ft) above sea level, and the highest point in the British Isles outside the Scottish Highlands.It is located in Snowdonia National Park (Parc Cenedlaethol Eryri) in Gwynedd (historic county of Caernarfonshire).It is the busiest mountain in the …

Japan (Japanese: 日本; Romanised as nihon or nippon) is a country in East Asia.It is a group of many islands close to the east coast of Korea, China and Russia.The Pacific Ocean is to the east of Japan and the Sea of Japan is to the west. Most people in Japan live on one of four of the islands. The biggest of these islands, Honshu, has the …William Shakespeare (26 April 1564 (baptised) – 23 April 1616) was an English author who wrote 37 plays and also two long poems in his lifetime. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard")Shakespeare wrote his works between about 1590 and 1613. He lived in Stratford-upon-Avon, in …Volcano facts for kids. A volcano is a mountain that has lava (hot, liquid rock) coming out from a magma chamber under the ground, or did have in the past. Volcanoes are formed by the movement of tectonic plates. The Earth's crust has 17 major, rigid tectonic plates. These float on a hotter, softer layer in its mantle.Tsunami facts for kids. Kids Encyclopedia Facts. Tsunami that occurred in 2004 in Thailand. The water of the wave can be seen behind the palm trees in the background. Estimated tsunami travel time forecast map for the 2011 Sendai tsunami, Japan. 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, An aerial view of damage in the Sendai …Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (July 18, 1918 – December 5, 2013) was a South African politician and activist. On April 27, 1994, he was made the first President of South Africa, elected in an election in which everyone was allowed to vote. Mandela was also the first black President of South Africa.Kids Encyclopedia Facts. Lego, also called LEGO, is a type of building toy created and made by the Lego Group, a company in Denmark. "Lego Bricks" are colorful plastic building blocks that can be joined together easily. Lego bricks are joined together by studs on the top, and holes in the bottom of the brick commonly known as the stud-and …Kids Encyclopedia Facts. Clive Staples Lewis (29 November 1898 – 22 November 1963), usually called C. S. Lewis, was a British scholar who wrote about 40 …Computer facts for kids. Kids Encyclopedia Facts. A drawing of a modern desktop computer. Woman typing on a laptop. Kids using a tablet computer. A computer is a machine that accepts data as input, processes that data using programs, and outputs the processed data as information. Many computers can store and retrieve information using …

Enciclopedia Kiddle para niños. Utiliza la casilla de búsqueda de arriba para buscar información en la enciclopedia Kiddle (Kpedia). A continuación encontrarás una lista de …

Kiddle.co, registered in 2014, but has become more popular in the recent past, is a relatively new search engine powered by Google Safe Search. The website, …Feb 29, 2016 · The best safe search engine for our kids is Kiddle.co. Not only are search results safe, they are from selected sites and prioritized by readability and depth. Icons are nice and big and image... It was also the second most common language on Earth, after Chinese. As of 2016, the three most common languages in the world are: Chinese: Spoken by about 1.305 billion people. Spanish: Spoken by about 427 million people in 34 different countries. English: Spoken by 339 million people in 108 different countries.Early life. Picasso with his sister Lola, 1889. Picasso was born at 23:15 on 25 October 1881, in the city of Málaga, Andalusia, in southern Spain. He was the first child of Don José Ruiz y Blasco (1838–1913) and María Picasso y López. Picasso's family was of middle-class background.Japan (Japanese: 日本; Romanised as nihon or nippon) is a country in East Asia.It is a group of many islands close to the east coast of Korea, China and Russia.The Pacific Ocean is to the east of Japan and the Sea of Japan is to the west. Most people in Japan live on one of four of the islands. The biggest of these islands, Honshu, has the …Kids Encyclopedia Facts. Aristotle: marble copy of bronze bust by Lysippus, Louvre Museum. Aristotle (Stagira, Macedonia, 384 BC – Chalicis, Euboea, Greece, 7 March 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher. He was one of the most important philosophers in the history of Western civilization. It is said that Aristotle wrote many books, but only a …A river is a stream of water that flows through a channel in the surface of the ground. The passage where the river flows is called the river bed and the earth on each side is called a river bank. A river begins on high ground or in hills or mountains and flows down from the high ground to the lower ground, because of gravity.A river begins as a small …

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Kiddle.co is a web search engine and online encyclopedia emphasizing safety for children. Kiddle search is powered by Google Programmable Search Engine and employs …Linnaeus, 1758. The lion ( Panthera leo) is a large mammal of the Felidae (cat) family. Some large males weigh over 250 kg (550 lb). Today, wild lions live in sub- Saharan Africa and in Asia. Lions are adapted for life in grasslands and mixed areas with trees and grass. The relatively small females are fast runners over short distances, and ...Early life. Picasso with his sister Lola, 1889. Picasso was born at 23:15 on 25 October 1881, in the city of Málaga, Andalusia, in southern Spain. He was the first child of Don José Ruiz y Blasco (1838–1913) and María Picasso y López. Picasso's family was of middle-class background.The Amazon rainforest is the largest rainforest in the world. The forest is in a basin drained mainly by the Amazon River, with 1100 tributaries. It is a moist broadleaf forest which covers seven million square kilometers (1.7 billion acres). Of this, five and a half million square kilometers (1.4 billion acres) are covered by the rainforest.Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during her lifetime and 15 at the time of her death. Her reign of 70 years and 214 days is the longest of any …Kiddle.co is an illustrated, large-font search engine designed specifically for kids . It’s powered by Google Safe Search so only family-friendly results are returned. If any “bad” words are ...Wars. World War I. Russian Civil War. Major Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton CVO OBE FRGS FRSGS (15 February 1874 – 5 January 1922) was an Anglo-Irish Antarctic explorer who led three British expeditions to the Antarctic. He was one of the principal figures of the period known as the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration.Lionel Andrés Messi ( born 24 June 1987), also known as Leo Messi, is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a forward for and captains both Major League Soccer club Inter Miami and the Argentina national team.. Widely regarded as one of the greatest players of all time, Messi has won a record seven Ballon d'Or awards. He also …Totalitarianism is when regimes (political systems) control all public behaviour and as much of private behaviour as they can. No elections are held, or if they are, candidates must be approved by the ruling group. Physical force and/or arrests and detentions are used on people who protest against the regime. There are events such as …Large male narwhals can grow to a length of 15 feet, and weigh up to two tons. A female can give birth once every three years, after a pregnancy of 15 months. At birth, the baby narwhal is about five feet long and weighs about 180 pounds. All narwhals have two teeth in their upper jaw and a tusk. After the first year of a male narwhal's life ...Spain is a country in Southern Europe.It is in the Iberian Peninsula near Portugal and Gibraltar. France and the country of Andorra are on its northeast side, where the Pyrenees mountains are.. The people of Spain are called Spaniards.Most people there speak Spanish (in Spanish, "Castellano", from Castilla, or "Español") but there are other …Tsunami facts for kids. Kids Encyclopedia Facts. Tsunami that occurred in 2004 in Thailand. The water of the wave can be seen behind the palm trees in the background. Estimated tsunami travel time forecast map for the 2011 Sendai tsunami, Japan. 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, An aerial view of damage in the Sendai … ….

Geomorphology is the scientific study of landforms and the processes that shape them.. More broadly, it studies the evolution of the topography of a planet. Geomorphologists seek to understand why landscapes look the way they do, to understand landform history and dynamics, and to predict future changes. They use a combination of … Kiddle.co is a web search engine and online encyclopedia emphasizing safety for children. Kiddle search is powered by Google Programmable Search Engine and employs SafeSearch with additional filters. Kiddle is powered by Google Custom Search but is not affiliated with Google LLC. Including its Atlantic islands, Brazil lies between latitudes 6°N and 34°S, and longitudes 28° and 74°W. Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world, and third largest in the Americas, with a total area of 8,515,767.049 km 2 (3,287,956 sq mi), including 55,455 km 2 (21,411 sq mi) of water.Christopher Columbus (1451–1506) was a Genoese trader, explorer, and navigator.He was born in Genoa, Italy, in the year 1451."Christopher Columbus" is the English version of Columbus's name. His name in Italian was Cristoforo Colombo.. In 1492, Columbus sailed from Spain to find a faster route from Asia to Europe.He landed instead …Kwanzaa is a week-long celebration held in the United States to honor African heritage and culture.People light a kinara (candle holder with seven candles) and give each other gifts.It takes place from December 26 to January 1 every year. It was created by Maulana Karenga and was first celebrated in 1966 - 1967. Some non-African …Kiddle is a search engine that filters out inappropriate results and shows only safe and reliable sites for kids. It has three categories of results: sites written for kids, sites written …William Shakespeare (26 April 1564 (baptised) – 23 April 1616) was an English author who wrote 37 plays and also two long poems in his lifetime. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard")Shakespeare wrote his works between about 1590 and 1613. He lived in Stratford-upon-Avon, in …Kids Encyclopedia Facts. Lego, also called LEGO, is a type of building toy created and made by the Lego Group, a company in Denmark. "Lego Bricks" are colorful plastic building blocks that can be joined together easily. Lego bricks are joined together by studs on the top, and holes in the bottom of the brick commonly known as the stud-and …The red fox has an elongated body and relatively short limbs. The tail, which is longer than half the body length (70 percent of head and body length), is fluffy and reaches the ground when in a standing position. The forepaws have five digits, while the hind feet have only four and lack dewclaws. They are very agile, being capable of …In many places in the temperate zone, autumn is a time for harvesting most crops. Deciduous trees (trees that lose their leaves every year) lose their leaves, usually after turning yellow, red, or brown. In many countries, autumn is the time a new school year starts. In the UK, the period of school between the start of September and the end of … Kiddle.co, Charles Jessel. Profession. Statesman. Sir Henry Parkes, GCMG (27 May 1815 – 27 April 1896) was a colonial Australian politician and longest non-consecutive Premier of the Colony of New South Wales, the present-day state of New South Wales in the Commonwealth of Australia. He has been referred to as the "Father of Federation" due to …, Venus is a terrestrial planet so, like the Earth, its surface is made of rock. Venus is much hotter than Earth. All the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere acts like a blanket, trapping heat from the Sun.This effect is called the greenhouse effect and it is very strong on Venus. This makes the surface of Venus the hottest of any planet's surface in …, Kids Encyclopedia Facts. Clive Staples Lewis (29 November 1898 – 22 November 1963), usually called C. S. Lewis, was a British scholar who wrote about 40 …, The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of targets relating to future international development.They are created by the United Nations and promoted as the Global Goals for Sustainable Development. They replaced the Millennium Development Goals that expired at the end of 2015. The SGDs run from 2015 to 2030. There are 17 …, Canada is a country in North America.Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, making it the world's second-largest country by total area, with the world's longest coastline. Its border with the United States is the world's longest international land border. The …, Kids Encyclopedia Facts. Aristotle: marble copy of bronze bust by Lysippus, Louvre Museum. Aristotle (Stagira, Macedonia, 384 BC – Chalicis, Euboea, Greece, 7 March 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher. He was one of the most important philosophers in the history of Western civilization. It is said that Aristotle wrote many books, but only a …, Kinds of democracy. Democracy may be direct or indirect. In a direct democracy, everyone has the right to make laws together. One modern example of direct democracy is a referendum, which is the name for the kind of way to pass a law where everyone in the community votes on it. Direct democracies are not usually used to run …, Definition of a mountain. The highest point of a mountain is called the peak. A mountain's summit is the highest area an individual can reach. A mountain climber will not reach the peak of the mountain but can reach the summit. Britannica Student Encyclopedia says that the term "mountain' usually means a rise of over 2,000 feet (610 m)".; …, Wars. World War I. Russian Civil War. Major Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton CVO OBE FRGS FRSGS (15 February 1874 – 5 January 1922) was an Anglo-Irish Antarctic explorer who led three British expeditions to the Antarctic. He was one of the principal figures of the period known as the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration., Kids Encyclopedia Facts. Clive Staples Lewis (29 November 1898 – 22 November 1963), usually called C. S. Lewis, was a British scholar who wrote about 40 …, Use the search form above to search for facts in the Kiddle encyclopedia (Kpedia). Below is a list of some articles and categories to help you research different topics for school homework help, homeschooling and general education. All content from Kiddle encyclopedia articles (including the article images and facts) can be freely used for …, The Loch Ness Monster, also referred to as Nessie, is a supposed animal, said to live in the Scottish loch of Loch Ness, the second biggest loch in the country. The Loch Ness Monster story was big in the …, In many places in the temperate zone, autumn is a time for harvesting most crops. Deciduous trees (trees that lose their leaves every year) lose their leaves, usually after turning yellow, red, or brown. In many countries, autumn is the time a new school year starts. In the UK, the period of school between the start of September and the end of …, China ( Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó ), officially the People's Republic of China ( PRC ), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's second-most populous country with a population exceeding 1.4 billion. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and borders fourteen countries by land, tied with Russia as having the most of any ..., Computer facts for kids. Kids Encyclopedia Facts. A drawing of a modern desktop computer. Woman typing on a laptop. Kids using a tablet computer. A computer is a machine that accepts data as input, processes that data using programs, and outputs the processed data as information. Many computers can store and retrieve information using …, Flowers are the reproductive organ only of flowering plants (Angiosperms).The petals of a flower are often brightly colored and scented to attract insects and other pollinators. The stamen is the male part of the plant. It is composed of the filament (a stalk) that holds the anther, which produces the pollen. Pollen is needed for …, The Loch Ness Monster, also referred to as Nessie, is a supposed animal, said to live in the Scottish loch of Loch Ness, the second biggest loch in the country. The Loch Ness Monster story was big in the …, Pythagoras's name led him to be associated with Pythian Apollo (Pūthíā); Aristippus of Cyrene in the 4th century BC explained his name by saying, "He spoke [ἀγορεύω, agoreúō] the truth no less than did the Pythian [πυθικός puthikós]".. Pythagoras's early life coincided with the flowering of early Ionian natural philosophy.He was a …, Kids Encyclopedia Facts. History is the study of past events. People know what happened in the past by looking at things from the past, including records (like books, newspapers and letters) and artifacts (like pottery, tools, and human or animal remains). Libraries, archives and museums collect and keep these things for people to study history., Tutankhamun (sometimes called King Tut) was a Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt from about 1334 BC to 1323 BC. He became Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty (royal family) during the New Kingdom at the age of 9.. …, A coral reef is a type of biotic reef developing in tropical waters. Although corals are major contributors to the overall framework and bulk material comprising a coral reef, the organisms most responsible for reef growth against the constant assault by ocean waves are algae, especially, although not entirely, species of red algae.. Water …, William Shakespeare (26 April 1564 (baptised) – 23 April 1616) was an English author who wrote 37 plays and also two long poems in his lifetime. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard")Shakespeare wrote his works between about 1590 and 1613. He lived in Stratford-upon-Avon, in …, Kiddle is a search engine that filters out inappropriate results and shows only safe and reliable sites for kids. It has three categories of results: sites written for kids, sites written …, The Loch Ness Monster, also referred to as Nessie, is a supposed animal, said to live in the Scottish loch of Loch Ness, the second biggest loch in the country. The Loch Ness Monster story was big in the …, Fossil bats. There are few fossilized remains of bats, as they are terrestrial and light-boned. An Eocene bat, Onychonycteris, was found in the 52-million-year-old Green River Formation in Wyoming, United States, in 2003. It could fly, but the well-preserved skeleton showed the cochlea of the inner ear could not achieve the great hearing ability …, Kids Encyclopedia Facts. King Arthur. King Arthur was a legendary king in the mythology of Great Britain. He lived in the medieval times, in his famous castle, Camelot. He possessed a sword known as Excalibur, given to him by the Lady in the Lake. King Arthur is a fabled ruler of Sub-Roman Britain who defended his kingdom from the Anglo-Saxons ..., It was also the second most common language on Earth, after Chinese. As of 2016, the three most common languages in the world are: Chinese: Spoken by about 1.305 billion people. Spanish: Spoken by about 427 million people in 34 different countries. English: Spoken by 339 million people in 108 different countries., Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace (née Byron; 10 December 1815 – 27 November 1852) was an English mathematician and writer, chiefly known for her work on Charles Babbage's proposed mechanical general-purpose computer, the Analytical Engine.She was the first to recognise that the machine had applications beyond pure …, Nikola Tesla. Nikola Tesla (July 10, 1856 – January 7, 1943), was a Serbian inventor, electrical engineer, mechanical engineer, and physicist. He is best known for his part in the design of the modern alternating current (AC) electricity supply system. He was born in the village of Smiljan, in the part of former Austria-Hungary that is now ..., Kiddle.co es un motor de búsqueda web y enciclopedia en línea que apunta a la seguridad de los niños. Kiddle utiliza Google Programmable Search Engine y emplea SafeSearch …, The red fox has an elongated body and relatively short limbs. The tail, which is longer than half the body length (70 percent of head and body length), is fluffy and reaches the ground when in a standing position. The forepaws have five digits, while the hind feet have only four and lack dewclaws. They are very agile, being capable of …, Harriet Tubman (born Araminta Ross, c. March 1822 – March 10, 1913) was an African-American anti-slavery worker, and humanitarian.She was also a Union spy and the first black woman to lead an American mission during the American Civil War.She was born into slavery but she escaped. During her life, made 13 missions to rescue …, Political party. Whig. Signature. Sir Isaac Newton FRS (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27) was an English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author who was described in his time as a natural philosopher. He was a key figure in the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment.