Aorta tortuous

Thoracic aortic aneurysms are bulges (dilations) in the wall of the aorta in the part that passes through the chest (thorax). Thoracic aortic aneurysms may not cause symptoms, or they may cause pain, coughing, and wheezing. Thoracic aortic aneurysms sometimes rupture, which causes excruciating pain (beginning high in the back and spreading down ...

Aorta tortuous. Tortuous aorta. Description, Causes and Risk Factors: The aorta is the main artery of the body that exits the heart and delivers blood to every organ of our body. A tortuous aorta is a twisting or distortion of the aorta that brings on the narrowing or constriction of that vessel, which can cause blood flow to be blocked.

Feb 24, 2022 · Aorta. The aorta is a large, cane-shaped vessel that delivers oxygen-rich blood to your body. It starts in the lower-left part of the heart and passes through the chest and abdomen. Along the way, blood vessels branch off the aorta, extending to organs and supporting tissue. Contents Overview Function Anatomy Conditions and Disorders Care.

J.P. Morgan analyst Arun Jayaram maintained a Buy rating on TechnipFMC (FTI – Research Report) on February 24 and set a price target of $1... J.P. Morgan analyst Arun Jayaram...Aorta: A tortuous aorta may have no symptoms. If there are symptoms they generally relate to obstructed blood flow related to the tortuosity. The symptom would depend on what wasn't getting good flow or perhaps some compression caused in adjacent organ by the tortuosity. Answered 12/17/2020. 4.6k views.22 Jan 2013 ... David Spielvogel, M.D., Program Director, Heart Transplantation, Westchester Medical Center | Westchester Heart & Vascular | New York Center ...2 days ago ... 這種建議帶孩子到醫院眼科詳檢排除異常情況即可。 如何保護眼白? 摄图网提供蓝眼白猫卡通图图片下载,用户可以在这个图片网站找到:蓝眼白猫卡通图图片,蓝 ...These deposits can cause the valve opening to become narrow. Severe narrowing can reduce blood flow through the aortic valve — a condition called aortic valve stenosis. Aortic valve calcification may be an early sign of heart disease, even if there aren't any other heart disease symptoms. Calcification and stenosis generally affect older adults.23 May 2021 ... ... aorta branches mnemonic descending thoracic aorta dissection descending thoracic aorta echo descending thoracic aorta is mildly tortuous ...The aorta is a large blood vessel that branches off from the heart and pumps oxygen-rich blood back into the body. The aorta carries blood away from the left ventricle and circulat...

23 Dec 2014 ... Tortuous meaning l meaning of tortuous l tortuous ka matlab l vocabulary ... Ultrasound:twisted abdominal aorta.(tortuous aorta). Dr. Marwan ...22 Jan 2013 ... David Spielvogel, M.D., Program Director, Heart Transplantation, Westchester Medical Center | Westchester Heart & Vascular | New York Center ...Apr 1, 2020 · As elastin fibres in the aorta deteriorate with age, the descending thoracic aorta (DTA) becomes longer and more tortuous. This is associated with the formation of endoleaks in the elderly population. 6 The objective of this study was to analyse how increased tortuosity affects haemodynamic displacement forces (DFs) in different segments of the ... Abdominal aorta tortuosity was identified in 28 patients (16%) and was strongly associated with the occurrence of a complication (adjusted odds ratio 2.7, 95% confidence interval 1.1-6.6; P=0.03). There was no significant association between iliofemoral tortuosity or vascular calcification and the occurrence of complications. 410-955-5000 Maryland. 855-695-4872 Outside of Maryland. +1-410-502-7683 International. Coarctation of the aorta is an abnormal narrowing of the aorta. The aorta is the large blood vessel that exits the heart. Transcatheter repair is a type of procedure that can treat the aorta without the need for open heart surgery. Mar 23, 2020 · Since tortuous aorta causes palpitations, this may only be the first complaint by the patients with this aortic abnormality. Nevertheless, tortuous aorta has also been thought to cause pain due to dislocated esophagus, seeing that the vessel’s twistings can thrust the normal position of the esophagus. If you run a candy business, here are the best places to get candy making supplies so you can build an even more profitable business. If you buy something through our links, we may...

Since the aorta is trapped within a limited space, it can begin to meander if space is reduced. Secondly, if a patient has a fusiform AAA, the aneurysm neck can push the neck away from the spine creating a craniocaudal neck angulation and aortic tortuosity.EAGLE MID CAP GROWTH CIT FOUNDERS CLASS- Performance charts including intraday, historical charts and prices and keydata. Indices Commodities Currencies StocksThoracic aortic aneurysms are a type of thoraco-abdominal aneurysms and are relatively uncommon compared to abdominal aortic aneurysms. There is a wide range of causes, and the ascending aorta is the segment most commonly affected. Both CT-angiography and MR-angiography are the modalities of choice to image this condition.Citation, DOI, disclosures and article data. The aortic knob or knuckle refers to the frontal chest x-ray appearance of the distal aortic arch as it curves posterolaterally to continue as the descending thoracic aorta. It appears as a laterally-projecting bulge, as the medial aspect of the aorta cannot be seen separate from the mediastinum.

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The aorta is the largest vessel within the human body. It originates from the left ventricle of the heart anterior to the pulmonary artery before arching posteriorly and descending along the posterior mediastinum. It descends to the level of the L4 vertebral body where it bifurcates into the left and right common iliac arteries. It is the main artery …Mar 7, 2023 · Aorta tortuosity might be another parameter to consider in clinical decision making, in particular in patients with borderline indications for surgery and genetic aortopathies. 26 Finally, imaging of the aortic branches, looking for dilation/dissections in mid-sized arteries, is particularly recommended in some genetic aortopathies [related to ... A thoracic aortic aneurysm is a weakened area in the main artery in the chest that may widen and rupture. Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of this …Antidepressant and vitamins have no role in aortic dilatation. Following up with your cardiologist regularly for the aortic dilatation is important. Find a Doctor Make an Appointment. One should monitor the size of your aortic root and ascending aorta in serial MRA/CTA studies. You also need to continue modifying your risk factors as you are doing.

A tortuous esophagus is the irregular curvature of the esophagus relative to its normal position between the mouth and the stomach, according to doctors at HealthTap. A hiatal hern...What to watch for today What to watch for today The first earnings report from Microsoft’s new CEO. Satya Nadella, who took over after a long and tortuous leadership search, has a ...A tortuous aorta (meaning excessively twisted and turned) is often seen in older people. Although this is a sign of aging, it may not mean that it is causing or will cause any problems.Other than the aorta, arterial tortuosity was described in the retinal, carotid and cerebral arteries, as well as veins. The mechanical factors involved in vessel tortuosity are complex, and it is thought to result from varying degrees of effects of high blood pressure or flow, reduced axial tension, and weakening of the arterial wall due to ...Your descending aorta is the longest part of your aorta (the largest artery in your body). It begins after your left subclavian artery branches from your aortic arch, and it extends downward into your belly. It’s called your descending thoracic aorta until it reaches your diaphragm.The diagnostic work-up includes radiologic, endoscopic, and manometric studies. On a standard chest radiography and CT scan the usual findings are the enlargement of the aortic arch and the tortuous dilated aorta. A barium swallow test may show partial esophageal obstruction and pulsatile movement of the barium synchronous …Case. An 87-year-old woman with atrial fibrillation, a history of deep venous thrombosis, and a long smoking history was admitted with progressive shortness of breath and productive cough of 2 days’ duration with subjective fevers and chills. Vital signs on admission included a respiratory rate of 30 breaths/min and oxygen saturation of 89% ...Atherosclerosis of aorta. I70.0 is a billable/specific ICD-10-CM code that can be used to indicate a diagnosis for reimbursement purposes. The 2024 edition of ICD-10-CM I70.0 became effective on October 1, 2023. This is the American ICD-10-CM version of I70.0 - other international versions of ICD-10 I70.0 may differ.Apr 17, 2023 · The aorta is the largest blood vessel in the body. Although your aorta is a tough, durable workhorse, sometimes its walls can weaken and bulge in what is called an aortic aneurysm.This could cause ... Aortic valve stenosis is a thickening and narrowing of the valve between the heart's main pumping chamber and the body's main artery, called the aorta. The narrowing creates a smaller opening for blood to pass through. This reduces or blocks blood flow from the heart to the rest of the body. The descending thoracic aorta (DTA) was analyzed and was divided into four zones of equal length. Subjects were divided into three groups based on their maximum tortuosity value: low (< 30°), moderate (30° – 60°) and high (> 60°). A linear regression model was built to test the effect of age and gender on tortuosity.If an aneurysm forms between the upper and lower parts of the aorta, it's called a thoracoabdominal aneurysm. A thoracic aneurysm may be round or tube-shaped. Aneurysms can occur anywhere in the thoracic aorta, including near the heart, in the aortic arch and in the lower part of the thoracic aorta. Causes of thoracic aortic aneurysms …

A tortuous aorta (meaning excessively twisted and turned) is often seen in older people. Although this is a sign of aging, it may not mean that it is causing or will cause any problems.

BackgroundIncreased vascular tortuosity is a hallmark of ageing of the vascular system, including the aorta. However, the impact of tortuosity on aortic blood flow is unknown. We hypothesized that increased tortuosity would be associated with increased blood flow helicity and with decreased degree of blood flow turbulence as measured by the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE).Methods4D Flow MR ...Aortic Ectasia is common as we age, and commonly an incidental finding on chest X-Ray. It usually does not require further testing. Good control of BP if the patient has hypertension is important as Aortic Ectasia is seen more in hypertensive people.Jan 30, 2024 · An aortic aneurysm is a weakened or bulging area on the wall of the aorta, which may occur anywhere along its length. Aortic aneurysms can cause two problems: Rupture: The weakened or ballooned area may develop a hole, called a rupture, that allows blood to burst out into the body. Dissection: The blood pumped forcefully through the aorta can ... Global view of 3-D rendered image of aorta in thoracic and abdominal part with extremely tortuous course of the thoracic aorta. Uneven caliber of the pulmonary artery is observed (empty arrow). The other group of vessels affected in ATS is that of pulmonary arteries which tend to show areas of narrowing and dilatation.What is tortuous aorta? A tortuous aorta may be characterized as a twisted, curved, enlarged or narrowed blood vessel of the heart. An underlying cause of the distorted shape may be due to a build up of fatty tissue that collects on the walls of the vessels or, it may be a finding from birth.The descending thoracic aorta (DTA) was analyzed and was divided into four zones of equal length. Subjects were divided into three groups based on their maximum tortuosity value: low (< 30°), moderate (30° – 60°) and high (> 60°). A linear regression model was built to test the effect of age and gender on tortuosity.Mar 23, 2020 · Since tortuous aorta causes palpitations, this may only be the first complaint by the patients with this aortic abnormality. Nevertheless, tortuous aorta has also been thought to cause pain due to dislocated esophagus, seeing that the vessel’s twistings can thrust the normal position of the esophagus. When a weak area of your thoracic aorta expands or bulges, it is called a thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA). Approximately 25 percent of aortic aneurysms occur in the chest and the rest occur in the abdomen. Thoracic aneurysms affect approximately 15,000 people in the United States each year. TAAs are serious health risks because they can burst or ...Apr 17, 2023 · The aorta is the largest blood vessel in the body. Although your aorta is a tough, durable workhorse, sometimes its walls can weaken and bulge in what is called an aortic aneurysm.This could cause ... Find Tortuous Aorta X Ray stock images in HD and millions of other royalty-free stock photos, illustrations and vectors in the Shutterstock collection.

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The aorta is the body’s largest artery. The heart pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta, which delivers it to the rest of the body. The aorta is made up of three layers of tissue that may be damaged by diseases including: Atherosclerosis, a buildup of plaque in arteries. High blood pressure, or hypertension, which increases the pressure of ...Jun 1, 2019 · Tortuosity of the descending thoracic aorta is increased in Type B dissection patients who develop enlarging thoracoabdominal aneurysms or ruptures . Tortuosity may reflect pathologic remodeling in response to progressive structural compromise of the vascular media due to genetic mutations, atherosclerosis or hemodynamic stress. Literature highlights ageing as a determinant factor in morphological and functional changes in arterial walls, facilitating atherogenesis. 18 In the elderly, the abdominal aorta frequently becomes elastic and tortuous, changing the angle and position of …Your descending aorta is the longest part of your aorta (the largest artery in your body). It begins after your left subclavian artery branches from your aortic arch, and it extends downward into your belly. It’s called your descending thoracic aorta until it reaches your diaphragm.Hi @hemth i am 43 I was diagnosed in 2019 with a tortuous aorta and I had a mid-descending aortic aneurysm as well as a very large left subclavian aneurysm. I had no symptoms I just had a cardiac mri for a better look at my bicuspid aortic valve because I had developed high blood pressure suddenly. My cardiologist immediately referred me to Mayo.Elongated tortuous aorta projects laterally (arrow). Sign is particularly useful in younger patient where the aortic knuckle is normally inconspicuous. Open in a separate window. Figure 6. Case 1: 7-month-old female with poor weight gain and suspected cardiac disease was diagnosed with ATS. (a and b) Maximal intensity …These deposits can cause the valve opening to become narrow. Severe narrowing can reduce blood flow through the aortic valve — a condition called aortic valve stenosis. Aortic valve calcification may be an early sign of heart disease, even if there aren't any other heart disease symptoms. Calcification and stenosis generally affect older adults.A tortuous aorta (meaning excessively twisted and turned) is often seen in older people. Although this is a sign of aging, it may not mean that it is causing or will cause any problems.7 days ago ... Mildly Tortuous Aorta Treatment. Tortuosity of the descending thoracic aorta: Normal values by … Renal artery stenosis (RAS) (plural: stenoses) ...Tortuous or twisted arteries and veins are commonly seen in humans and animals [ 1, 2, 3 ]. While mild tortuosity is a common anomaly without clinical symptoms, severe tortuosity can lead to various serious symptoms.The prevalence of calcific aortic valve disease approaches 25% of all adults over 65 years of age. Most of these patients have only mild focal valve thickening, or aortic valve sclerosis, with normal valve function, but a significant number, ranging from 2-5% of all older adults, have significant aortic stenosis (AS) with obstruction to left ventricular (LV) …The aortic valve is between the lower left heart chamber and the body's main artery (aorta). Aortic valve calcification is a condition in which calcium deposits form on the aortic valve. These deposits can cause the valve opening to become narrow. Severe narrowing can reduce blood flow through the aortic valve — a condition called aortic ... ….

Gross anatomy. The descending aorta commences at the level of the fourth thoracic vertebra body, on its left, in the plane of Ludwig as the continuation of the aortic arch. It descends in the posterior mediastinum initially on the left of the thoracic vertebral bodies, but then in the midline. It exits the thorax by continuing as the abdominal ...The aortic valve is between the lower left heart chamber and the body's main artery (aorta). Aortic valve calcification is a condition in which calcium deposits form on the aortic valve. These deposits can cause the valve opening to become narrow. Severe narrowing can reduce blood flow through the aortic valve — a condition called aortic ...The remainder of the aorta to the level of the diaphragm is classed as the thoracic aorta . However, as the reader will see in subsequent sections, pathologies may manifest with multiple lesions throughout this great vessel. 1.3 Function of the Aorta. The aorta is a conduit carrying blood from the mechanical cardiac pump to the branching …Feb 24, 2022 · Aorta. The aorta is a large, cane-shaped vessel that delivers oxygen-rich blood to your body. It starts in the lower-left part of the heart and passes through the chest and abdomen. Along the way, blood vessels branch off the aorta, extending to organs and supporting tissue. Contents Overview Function Anatomy Conditions and Disorders Care. TOE may make oblique measurements when the descending aorta is elongated or tortuous. To avoid this overestimation, aortic diameter measurement by TOE should be attempted only when circular sections are obtained. Measurements of descending thoracic aorta in short axis and of the aortic arch in long axis are recommended.25 Jan 2021 ... For patients undergoing RTCA with significant brachiocephalic/thoracic aorta tortuosity, “elephant head,” a Tiger catheter can be used ... Find 48 different ways to say TORTUOUS, along with antonyms, related words, and example sentences at Thesaurus.com. Arterial tortuosity of the aortic branch vessels and specifically the head and neck vessels (Fig. 4) is a common finding in a number of hereditary aortopathies and therefore should be screened for with appropriate imaging modality (typically MRA of the whole aorta and head and neck vessels). Aorta tortuous, An infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm is a type of abdominal aortic aneurysm. In fact, aneurysms in this area (just below the kidneys) are the most common type and location for abdominal aortic ..., May 26, 2017 · Abdominal aortic diameter 3 cm typically constitutes an abdominal aortic aneurysm. The cause is multifactorial, but atherosclerosis is often involved. Most aneurysms grow slowly (~10%/year) without causing symptoms, and most are found incidentally. Risk of rupture is proportional to the size of the aneurysm. Diagnosis is made by ultrasonography ... , Health Topics. Aortic Aneurysm. Your Aorta: The Pulse of Life. Understanding the aorta and its job in circulation. The aorta is the main artery that carries blood away from your heart …, Tortuous R common femoral artery. Fail to advance 7Fr 45 cm long sheath. Exchange to Amplatzer supper stiff guidewire with 7Fr 23 cm sheath. LM: normal. LAD: calcified vessels, pLAD 90% stenosis, mLAD critical lesion. LCx: mLCx critical lesion, distal diffuse disease, Find Tortuous Aorta X Ray stock images in HD and millions of other royalty-free stock photos, illustrations and vectors in the Shutterstock collection., Thoracic aortic aneurysm. A thoracic aortic aneurysm occurs along the part of the aorta that passes through the chest cavity. Some people may have both types of aortic aneurysms. Having an aortic aneurysm increases the risk of developing a tear in the inner layer of the wall of the aorta. This tear is called an aortic dissection., All patients had sliding hiatal hernias; these hiatal hernias, and the esophagitis and disordered motility seen in our patients, could be a consequence of esophageal displacement by the tortuous aorta. Two patients were relieved symptomatically with antacids and metoclopramide. Thus, tortuosity of the thoracic aorta can cause esophageal chest pain., Thoracic aortic aneurysm. A thoracic aortic aneurysm occurs along the part of the aorta that passes through the chest cavity. Some people may have both types of aortic aneurysms. Having an aortic aneurysm increases the risk of developing a tear in the inner layer of the wall of the aorta. This tear is called an aortic dissection., The descending thoracic aorta (DTA) was analyzed and was divided into four zones of equal length. Subjects were divided into three groups based on their maximum tortuosity value: low (< 30 ̊), moder-ate (30 ̊ – 60 ̊) and high (> 60 ̊). A linear regression model was built to test the effect of age and gender on tortuosity., Introduction: Tortuosity in the descending thoracic aorta is becoming more important since thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) is the gold standard for treating thoracic aortic disease. The literature reports that tortuosity has an influence on the occurrence of endoleaks1. There is some literature defining the angulation and tortuosity of the aortic …, Atherosclerosis in your aorta disrupts the normal flow of blood through your aorta and to the rest of your body. So, it raises your risk of ischemia (lack of oxygen-rich blood) in …, Q25.46. ICD-10 code Q25.46 for Tortuous aortic arch is a medical classification as listed by WHO under the range - Congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities ., What is tortuous aorta? A tortuous aorta may be characterized as a twisted, curved, enlarged or narrowed blood vessel of the heart. An underlying cause of the distorted shape may be due to a build up of fatty tissue that collects on the walls of the vessels or, it may be a finding from birth., The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has imposed a severe strain on healthcare systems worldwide and is now affecting all hospitals in the United States. 1 As of this writing in early April 2020, most large medical centers in the United States have either restricted or completely cancelled elective surgical procedures, including cardiovascular procedures., Thoracic aortic aneurysms often go unnoticed because people rarely feel symptoms. Possible warning signs include: Pain in your jaw, neck, chest or upper back. Trouble swallowing or pain with swallowing (if the aneurysm presses on your esophagus ). Hoarseness (if the aneurysm presses on nerves that affect your voice box )., If an aneurysm forms between the upper and lower parts of the aorta, it's called a thoracoabdominal aneurysm. A thoracic aneurysm may be round or tube-shaped. Aneurysms can occur anywhere in the thoracic aorta, including near the heart, in the aortic arch and in the lower part of the thoracic aorta. Causes of thoracic aortic aneurysms …, Arterial tortuosity syndrome (ATS) is characterized by widespread elongation and tortuosity of the aorta and mid-sized arteries as well as focal stenosis of segments of the pulmonary arteries and/or aorta combined with findings of a generalized connective tissue disorder, which may include soft or doughy hyperextensible skin, joint hypermobility, inguinal hernia, and diaphragmatic hernia ..., Thoracic aortic dissection and perforation are rare complications of TAVR occurring in 0.2% to 0.3% of cases. 1, 2 There are numerous possible mechanisms by which an aortic injury can develop during TAVR, including wire perforation, interaction of the delivery system with tortuous aorta, and retrieval of a balloon or valve system. Open surgery ..., Descending aorta: Long, straight segment that runs from your chest (thoracic aorta) to your abdominal area (abdominal aorta). What are the aorta’s branches? Many smaller blood …, The diagnostic work-up includes radiologic, endoscopic, and manometric studies. On a standard chest radiography and CT scan the usual findings are the enlargement of the aortic arch and the tortuous dilated aorta. A barium swallow test may show partial esophageal obstruction and pulsatile movement of the barium synchronous …, The aorta begins to descend in the thoracic cavity and is consequently known as the thoracic aorta. After the aorta passes through the diaphragm, it is known as the abdominal aorta. The aorta ends by dividing into two major blood vessels, the common iliac arteries and a smaller midline vessel, the median sacral artery., May 26, 2017 · Abdominal aortic diameter 3 cm typically constitutes an abdominal aortic aneurysm. The cause is multifactorial, but atherosclerosis is often involved. Most aneurysms grow slowly (~10%/year) without causing symptoms, and most are found incidentally. Risk of rupture is proportional to the size of the aneurysm. Diagnosis is made by ultrasonography ... , Anatomy of the thoracic aorta — The aorta is the major arterial conduit conveying blood from the heart to the systemic circulation. It originates immediately beyond the aortic valve and ascends initially, then curves, forming the aortic arch, and descends caudally adjacent to the spine., If an aneurysm forms between the upper and lower parts of the aorta, it's called a thoracoabdominal aneurysm. A thoracic aneurysm may be round or tube-shaped. Aneurysms can occur anywhere in the thoracic aorta, including near the heart, in the aortic arch and in the lower part of the thoracic aorta. Causes of thoracic aortic aneurysms …, In abnormalities like a tortuous AA, use of catheters is advised with great caution; straight‐tipped catheters are discouraged.4-7 CASE REPORT During the coronary angiography of a 58‐year‐old Caucasian female patient, from whom informed consent was obtained, the catheter directed through the femoral artery was blocked in the abdominal aorta., Abdominal aortic aneurysm treatment options may include: Endovascular repair. This treatment is most often used to repair an abdominal aortic aneurysm. A surgeon inserts a thin, flexible tube, called a catheter, through an artery in the groin area and guides it to the aorta. A metal mesh tube on the end of the catheter is placed at the site of ..., The aortic arch demonstrated reduced caliber in its extremely tortuous course with evidence of significant turbulence on Doppler and increased caliber of the ascending aorta. In view of these findings, at 4 days of life, a multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) angiography examination was performed with a multidetector CT (GE LightSpeed Plus ..., The remainder of the aorta to the level of the diaphragm is classed as the thoracic aorta . However, as the reader will see in subsequent sections, pathologies may manifest with multiple lesions throughout this great vessel. 1.3 Function of the Aorta. The aorta is a conduit carrying blood from the mechanical cardiac pump to the branching …, Sep 8, 2023 · Tortuosity can occur in arteries of various sizes and locations, from small vessels such as capillaries to larger ones, like the aorta. There are different terms used to describe the types of tortuosity, including S-shaped curves, looping, and coiling [ 11 ]. , OSI, TAWSS, and RRT results of the outer walls distal to the tortuous DA for the generated model from PT.3 (a) and (b) show the OSI results of the descending aorta model with the tortuosity of 1.02 and 1.22; (c) and (d) show the TAWSS results of the descending aorta model with the tortuosity of 1.02 and 1.22; (e) and (f) show the RRT …, , Blood flows out of your heart and into a large blood vessel called the aorta. The aortic valve separates the heart and aorta. The aortic valve opens so blood can flow out. It then ..., Abdominal aorta tortuosity was found to be a predictor of the occurrence of a complication in patients undergoing transfemoral TAVR in our study. At a time when TAVR indications are extended to patients at low surgical risk, this arterial variable from CT scanning should be investigated before the procedure to identify patients at risk of ...